Artificial Intelligence Nanodegree

Convolutional Neural Networks

Project: Write an Algorithm for a Dog Identification App


In this notebook, some template code has already been provided for you, and you will need to implement additional functionality to successfully complete this project. You will not need to modify the included code beyond what is requested. Sections that begin with '(IMPLEMENTATION)' in the header indicate that the following block of code will require additional functionality which you must provide. Instructions will be provided for each section, and the specifics of the implementation are marked in the code block with a 'TODO' statement. Please be sure to read the instructions carefully!

Note: Once you have completed all of the code implementations, you need to finalize your work by exporting the iPython Notebook as an HTML document. Before exporting the notebook to html, all of the code cells need to have been run so that reviewers can see the final implementation and output. You can then export the notebook by using the menu above and navigating to \n", "File -> Download as -> HTML (.html). Include the finished document along with this notebook as your submission.

In addition to implementing code, there will be questions that you must answer which relate to the project and your implementation. Each section where you will answer a question is preceded by a 'Question X' header. Carefully read each question and provide thorough answers in the following text boxes that begin with 'Answer:'. Your project submission will be evaluated based on your answers to each of the questions and the implementation you provide.

Note: Code and Markdown cells can be executed using the Shift + Enter keyboard shortcut. Markdown cells can be edited by double-clicking the cell to enter edit mode.

The rubric contains optional "Stand Out Suggestions" for enhancing the project beyond the minimum requirements. If you decide to pursue the "Stand Out Suggestions", you should include the code in this IPython notebook.


Why We're Here

In this notebook, you will make the first steps towards developing an algorithm that could be used as part of a mobile or web app. At the end of this project, your code will accept any user-supplied image as input. If a dog is detected in the image, it will provide an estimate of the dog's breed. If a human is detected, it will provide an estimate of the dog breed that is most resembling. The image below displays potential sample output of your finished project (... but we expect that each student's algorithm will behave differently!).

Sample Dog Output

In this real-world setting, you will need to piece together a series of models to perform different tasks; for instance, the algorithm that detects humans in an image will be different from the CNN that infers dog breed. There are many points of possible failure, and no perfect algorithm exists. Your imperfect solution will nonetheless create a fun user experience!

The Road Ahead

We break the notebook into separate steps. Feel free to use the links below to navigate the notebook.

  • Step 0: Import Datasets
  • Step 1: Detect Humans
  • Step 2: Detect Dogs
  • Step 3: Create a CNN to Classify Dog Breeds (from Scratch)
  • Step 4: Use a CNN to Classify Dog Breeds (using Transfer Learning)
  • Step 5: Create a CNN to Classify Dog Breeds (using Transfer Learning)
  • Step 6: Write your Algorithm
  • Step 7: Test Your Algorithm

Step 0: Import Datasets

Import Dog Dataset

In the code cell below, we import a dataset of dog images. We populate a few variables through the use of the load_files function from the scikit-learn library:

  • train_files, valid_files, test_files - numpy arrays containing file paths to images
  • train_targets, valid_targets, test_targets - numpy arrays containing onehot-encoded classification labels
  • dog_names - list of string-valued dog breed names for translating labels
In [135]:
from sklearn.datasets import load_files       
from keras.utils import np_utils
import numpy as np
from glob import glob

# define function to load train, test, and validation datasets
def load_dataset(path):
    data = load_files(path)
    dog_files = np.array(data['filenames'])
    dog_targets = np_utils.to_categorical(np.array(data['target']), 133)
    return dog_files, dog_targets

# load train, test, and validation datasets
train_files, train_targets = load_dataset('dogImages/train')
valid_files, valid_targets = load_dataset('dogImages/valid')
test_files, test_targets = load_dataset('dogImages/test')

# load list of dog names
dog_names = [item[20:-1] for item in sorted(glob("dogImages/train/*/"))]

# print statistics about the dataset
print('There are %d total dog categories.' % len(dog_names))
print('There are %s total dog images.\n' % len(np.hstack([train_files, valid_files, test_files])))
print('There are %d training dog images.' % len(train_files))
print('There are %d validation dog images.' % len(valid_files))
print('There are %d test dog images.'% len(test_files))
There are 133 total dog categories.
There are 8351 total dog images.

There are 6680 training dog images.
There are 835 validation dog images.
There are 836 test dog images.

Import Human Dataset

In the code cell below, we import a dataset of human images, where the file paths are stored in the numpy array human_files.

In [136]:
import random
random.seed(8675309)

# load filenames in shuffled human dataset
human_files = np.array(glob("lfw/*/*"))
random.shuffle(human_files)

# print statistics about the dataset
print('There are %d total human images.' % len(human_files))
There are 13233 total human images.

Step 1: Detect Humans

We use OpenCV's implementation of Haar feature-based cascade classifiers to detect human faces in images. OpenCV provides many pre-trained face detectors, stored as XML files on github. We have downloaded one of these detectors and stored it in the haarcascades directory.

In the next code cell, we demonstrate how to use this detector to find human faces in a sample image.

In [137]:
import cv2                
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt                        
%matplotlib inline                               

# extract pre-trained face detector
face_cascade = cv2.CascadeClassifier('haarcascades/haarcascade_frontalface_alt.xml')

# load color (BGR) image
img = cv2.imread(human_files[3])
# convert BGR image to grayscale
gray = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

# find faces in image
faces = face_cascade.detectMultiScale(gray)

# print number of faces detected in the image
print('Number of faces detected:', len(faces))

# get bounding box for each detected face
for (x,y,w,h) in faces:
    # add bounding box to color image
    cv2.rectangle(img,(x,y),(x+w,y+h),(255,0,0),2)
    
# convert BGR image to RGB for plotting
cv_rgb = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)

# display the image, along with bounding box
plt.imshow(cv_rgb)
plt.show()
('Number of faces detected:', 1)

Before using any of the face detectors, it is standard procedure to convert the images to grayscale. The detectMultiScale function executes the classifier stored in face_cascade and takes the grayscale image as a parameter.

In the above code, faces is a numpy array of detected faces, where each row corresponds to a detected face. Each detected face is a 1D array with four entries that specifies the bounding box of the detected face. The first two entries in the array (extracted in the above code as x and y) specify the horizontal and vertical positions of the top left corner of the bounding box. The last two entries in the array (extracted here as w and h) specify the width and height of the box.

Write a Human Face Detector

We can use this procedure to write a function that returns True if a human face is detected in an image and False otherwise. This function, aptly named face_detector, takes a string-valued file path to an image as input and appears in the code block below.

In [138]:
# returns "True" if face is detected in image stored at img_path
def face_detector(img_path):
    img = cv2.imread(img_path)
    gray = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    faces = face_cascade.detectMultiScale(gray)
    return len(faces) > 0

(IMPLEMENTATION) Assess the Human Face Detector

Question 1: Use the code cell below to test the performance of the face_detector function.

  • What percentage of the first 100 images in human_files have a detected human face?
  • What percentage of the first 100 images in dog_files have a detected human face?

Ideally, we would like 100% of human images with a detected face and 0% of dog images with a detected face. You will see that our algorithm falls short of this goal, but still gives acceptable performance. We extract the file paths for the first 100 images from each of the datasets and store them in the numpy arrays human_files_short and dog_files_short.

Answer:

  1. 100% of faces detected in the first 100 images in human_files by OpenCV
  2. 0% of faces detected in the first 100 images in dog_files by OpenCV
In [142]:
human_files_short = human_files[:100]
dog_files_short = train_files[:100]
# Do NOT modify the code above this line.

## TODO: Test the performance of the face_detector algorithm 
## on the images in human_files_short and dog_files_short.
def performance_face_detector(human_files_short, dog_files_short):
    face_human = [int(face_detector(human_img)) for human_img in human_files_short]
    ratio_human = sum(face_human)/len(face_human)*100
    print ('{}% of faces detected in the first 100 images in human_files by OpenCV'.format(ratio_human))

    face_dog = 0
    for dog_img in dog_files_short:
        if face_detector(dog_img):
            face_dog += 1 
    ratio_dog = face_dog/len(dog_files_short)*100
    print ('{}% of faces detected in the first 100 images in dog_files by OpenCV'.format(ratio_dog))

performance_face_detector(human_files_short, dog_files_short)
100% of faces detected in the first 100 images in human_files by OpenCV
0% of faces detected in the first 100 images in dog_files by OpenCV

Question 2: This algorithmic choice necessitates that we communicate to the user that we accept human images only when they provide a clear view of a face (otherwise, we risk having unneccessarily frustrated users!). In your opinion, is this a reasonable expectation to pose on the user? If not, can you think of a way to detect humans in images that does not necessitate an image with a clearly presented face?

Answer: No, I don't think this would be a reasonable expectation to pose on users. This application reminds me of iPhone's face recognition function. Instead of dealing with 2D images, it uses 3D model, which can prevent the case that someone tries to unlock others' phone by using their images. Build 3D model with delicate information of ones face shape, eyes position, the height of nose, etc., this 3D model face recognition extract human face features by the face surface and skeleton, which means event one is in a very dark environment, this function can still work. So I think this may be a good idea to deal with face recognition no matter if the face is clearly or not.

We suggest the face detector from OpenCV as a potential way to detect human images in your algorithm, but you are free to explore other approaches, especially approaches that make use of deep learning :). Please use the code cell below to design and test your own face detection algorithm. If you decide to pursue this optional task, report performance on each of the datasets.

In [ ]:
## (Optional) TODO: Report the performance of another  
## face detection algorithm on the LFW dataset
### Feel free to use as many code cells as needed.

Step 2: Detect Dogs

In this section, we use a pre-trained ResNet-50 model to detect dogs in images. Our first line of code downloads the ResNet-50 model, along with weights that have been trained on ImageNet, a very large, very popular dataset used for image classification and other vision tasks. ImageNet contains over 10 million URLs, each linking to an image containing an object from one of 1000 categories. Given an image, this pre-trained ResNet-50 model returns a prediction (derived from the available categories in ImageNet) for the object that is contained in the image.

In [143]:
from keras.applications.resnet50 import ResNet50

# define ResNet50 model
ResNet50_model = ResNet50(weights='imagenet')

Pre-process the Data

When using TensorFlow as backend, Keras CNNs require a 4D array (which we'll also refer to as a 4D tensor) as input, with shape

$$ (\text{nb_samples}, \text{rows}, \text{columns}, \text{channels}), $$

where nb_samples corresponds to the total number of images (or samples), and rows, columns, and channels correspond to the number of rows, columns, and channels for each image, respectively.

The path_to_tensor function below takes a string-valued file path to a color image as input and returns a 4D tensor suitable for supplying to a Keras CNN. The function first loads the image and resizes it to a square image that is $224 \times 224$ pixels. Next, the image is converted to an array, which is then resized to a 4D tensor. In this case, since we are working with color images, each image has three channels. Likewise, since we are processing a single image (or sample), the returned tensor will always have shape

$$ (1, 224, 224, 3). $$

The paths_to_tensor function takes a numpy array of string-valued image paths as input and returns a 4D tensor with shape

$$ (\text{nb_samples}, 224, 224, 3). $$

Here, nb_samples is the number of samples, or number of images, in the supplied array of image paths. It is best to think of nb_samples as the number of 3D tensors (where each 3D tensor corresponds to a different image) in your dataset!

In [144]:
from keras.preprocessing import image                  
from tqdm import tqdm

def path_to_tensor(img_path):
    # loads RGB image as PIL.Image.Image type
    img = image.load_img(img_path, target_size=(224, 224))
    # convert PIL.Image.Image type to 3D tensor with shape (224, 224, 3)
    x = image.img_to_array(img)
    # convert 3D tensor to 4D tensor with shape (1, 224, 224, 3) and return 4D tensor
    return np.expand_dims(x, axis=0)

def paths_to_tensor(img_paths):
    list_of_tensors = [path_to_tensor(img_path) for img_path in tqdm(img_paths)]
    return np.vstack(list_of_tensors)

Making Predictions with ResNet-50

Getting the 4D tensor ready for ResNet-50, and for any other pre-trained model in Keras, requires some additional processing. First, the RGB image is converted to BGR by reordering the channels. All pre-trained models have the additional normalization step that the mean pixel (expressed in RGB as $[103.939, 116.779, 123.68]$ and calculated from all pixels in all images in ImageNet) must be subtracted from every pixel in each image. This is implemented in the imported function preprocess_input. If you're curious, you can check the code for preprocess_input here.

Now that we have a way to format our image for supplying to ResNet-50, we are now ready to use the model to extract the predictions. This is accomplished with the predict method, which returns an array whose $i$-th entry is the model's predicted probability that the image belongs to the $i$-th ImageNet category. This is implemented in the ResNet50_predict_labels function below.

By taking the argmax of the predicted probability vector, we obtain an integer corresponding to the model's predicted object class, which we can identify with an object category through the use of this dictionary.

In [145]:
from keras.applications.resnet50 import preprocess_input, decode_predictions

def ResNet50_predict_labels(img_path):
    # returns prediction vector for image located at img_path
    img = preprocess_input(path_to_tensor(img_path))
    return np.argmax(ResNet50_model.predict(img))

Write a Dog Detector

While looking at the dictionary, you will notice that the categories corresponding to dogs appear in an uninterrupted sequence and correspond to dictionary keys 151-268, inclusive, to include all categories from 'Chihuahua' to 'Mexican hairless'. Thus, in order to check to see if an image is predicted to contain a dog by the pre-trained ResNet-50 model, we need only check if the ResNet50_predict_labels function above returns a value between 151 and 268 (inclusive).

We use these ideas to complete the dog_detector function below, which returns True if a dog is detected in an image (and False if not).

In [146]:
### returns "True" if a dog is detected in the image stored at img_path
def dog_detector(img_path):
    prediction = ResNet50_predict_labels(img_path)
    return ((prediction <= 268) & (prediction >= 151))

(IMPLEMENTATION) Assess the Dog Detector

Question 3: Use the code cell below to test the performance of your dog_detector function.

  • What percentage of the images in human_files_short have a detected dog?
  • What percentage of the images in dog_files_short have a detected dog?

Answer:

  1. Percentage of dog faces detected in human files: 0.0%
  2. Percentage of dog faces detected in dog files: 100.0%
In [148]:
### TODO: Test the performance of the dog_detector function
### on the images in human_files_short and dog_files_short.
dogs_in_human_files = [dog_detector(img_path) for img_path in human_files_short]
dogs_in_dog_files = [dog_detector(img_path) for img_path in dog_files_short]

# Caculate percentages
human_percentage = (dogs_in_human_files.count(True) / len(human_files_short)) * 100
dog_percentage = (dogs_in_dog_files.count(True) / len(dog_files_short)) * 100

print("Percentage of dog faces detected in human files: %1.1f%%" % human_percentage)
print("Percentage of dog faces detected in dog files: %1.1f%%" % dog_percentage)
Percentage of dog faces detected in human files: 0.0%
Percentage of dog faces detected in dog files: 100.0%

Step 3: Create a CNN to Classify Dog Breeds (from Scratch)

Now that we have functions for detecting humans and dogs in images, we need a way to predict breed from images. In this step, you will create a CNN that classifies dog breeds. You must create your CNN from scratch (so, you can't use transfer learning yet!), and you must attain a test accuracy of at least 1%. In Step 5 of this notebook, you will have the opportunity to use transfer learning to create a CNN that attains greatly improved accuracy.

Be careful with adding too many trainable layers! More parameters means longer training, which means you are more likely to need a GPU to accelerate the training process. Thankfully, Keras provides a handy estimate of the time that each epoch is likely to take; you can extrapolate this estimate to figure out how long it will take for your algorithm to train.

We mention that the task of assigning breed to dogs from images is considered exceptionally challenging. To see why, consider that even a human would have great difficulty in distinguishing between a Brittany and a Welsh Springer Spaniel.

Brittany Welsh Springer Spaniel

It is not difficult to find other dog breed pairs with minimal inter-class variation (for instance, Curly-Coated Retrievers and American Water Spaniels).

Curly-Coated Retriever American Water Spaniel

Likewise, recall that labradors come in yellow, chocolate, and black. Your vision-based algorithm will have to conquer this high intra-class variation to determine how to classify all of these different shades as the same breed.

Yellow Labrador Chocolate Labrador Black Labrador

We also mention that random chance presents an exceptionally low bar: setting aside the fact that the classes are slightly imabalanced, a random guess will provide a correct answer roughly 1 in 133 times, which corresponds to an accuracy of less than 1%.

Remember that the practice is far ahead of the theory in deep learning. Experiment with many different architectures, and trust your intuition. And, of course, have fun!

Pre-process the Data

We rescale the images by dividing every pixel in every image by 255.

In [18]:
from PIL import ImageFile                            
ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES = True                 

# pre-process the data for Keras
train_tensors = paths_to_tensor(train_files).astype('float32')/255
valid_tensors = paths_to_tensor(valid_files).astype('float32')/255
test_tensors = paths_to_tensor(test_files).astype('float32')/255
100%|██████████| 6680/6680 [01:39<00:00, 66.96it/s] 
100%|██████████| 835/835 [00:15<00:00, 52.73it/s]
100%|██████████| 836/836 [00:11<00:00, 73.89it/s] 

(IMPLEMENTATION) Model Architecture

Create a CNN to classify dog breed. At the end of your code cell block, summarize the layers of your model by executing the line:

    model.summary()

We have imported some Python modules to get you started, but feel free to import as many modules as you need. If you end up getting stuck, here's a hint that specifies a model that trains relatively fast on CPU and attains >1% test accuracy in 5 epochs:

Sample CNN

Question 4: Outline the steps you took to get to your final CNN architecture and your reasoning at each step. If you chose to use the hinted architecture above, describe why you think that CNN architecture should work well for the image classification task.

Answer:

Based on the hinted architecture above, I kept the padding as same for every layers of convolution because it has been documented that this usually yields better results. A relu activation function was used. For each max pooling layers, the dimensions of the input (height and width) are divided by 2 and those are followed by dropout layers to prevent overfitting. The last layers are a global average pooling followed by a fully connected layer, where the latter contains one node for each dog category (133) and is equipped with a relu activation function.

In [27]:
from keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D, GlobalAveragePooling2D
from keras.layers import Dropout, Flatten, Dense
from keras.models import Sequential

model = Sequential()

### TODO: Define your architecture.

model.add(Conv2D(filters=16, kernel_size=2, input_shape=(224, 224, 3), activation='relu', padding='same'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2, data_format='channels_last'))
model.add(Dropout(0.25))

model.add(Conv2D(filters=32, kernel_size=2, activation='relu',padding='same'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2, data_format='channels_last'))
model.add(Dropout(0.25))

model.add(Conv2D(filters=64, kernel_size=2, activation='relu',padding='same'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2, data_format='channels_last'))
model.add(Dropout(0.25))

model.add(GlobalAveragePooling2D())
model.add(Dense(133, activation='relu'))

model.summary()
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
conv2d_22 (Conv2D)           (None, 224, 224, 16)      208       
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_23 (MaxPooling (None, 112, 112, 16)      0         
_________________________________________________________________
dropout_1 (Dropout)          (None, 112, 112, 16)      0         
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_23 (Conv2D)           (None, 112, 112, 32)      2080      
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_24 (MaxPooling (None, 56, 56, 32)        0         
_________________________________________________________________
dropout_2 (Dropout)          (None, 56, 56, 32)        0         
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_24 (Conv2D)           (None, 56, 56, 64)        8256      
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_25 (MaxPooling (None, 28, 28, 64)        0         
_________________________________________________________________
dropout_3 (Dropout)          (None, 28, 28, 64)        0         
_________________________________________________________________
global_average_pooling2d_8 ( (None, 64)                0         
_________________________________________________________________
dense_8 (Dense)              (None, 133)               8645      
=================================================================
Total params: 19,189
Trainable params: 19,189
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________

Compile the Model

In [28]:
model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop', loss='categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])

(IMPLEMENTATION) Train the Model

Train your model in the code cell below. Use model checkpointing to save the model that attains the best validation loss.

You are welcome to augment the training data, but this is not a requirement.

In [29]:
from keras.callbacks import ModelCheckpoint  

### TODO: specify the number of epochs that you would like to use to train the model.

epochs = 5

### Do NOT modify the code below this line.

checkpointer = ModelCheckpoint(filepath='saved_models/weights.best.from_scratch.hdf5', 
                               verbose=1, save_best_only=True)

model.fit(train_tensors, train_targets, 
          validation_data=(valid_tensors, valid_targets),
          epochs=epochs, batch_size=20, callbacks=[checkpointer], verbose=1)
Train on 6680 samples, validate on 835 samples
Epoch 1/5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 429s 64ms/step - loss: 12.7924 - acc: 0.0076 - val_loss: 12.1700 - val_acc: 0.0096

Epoch 00001: val_loss improved from inf to 12.17003, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.from_scratch.hdf5
Epoch 2/5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 411s 62ms/step - loss: 13.1677 - acc: 0.0079 - val_loss: 12.5441 - val_acc: 0.0072

Epoch 00002: val_loss did not improve from 12.17003
Epoch 3/5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 415s 62ms/step - loss: 12.6909 - acc: 0.0105 - val_loss: 12.8333 - val_acc: 0.0096

Epoch 00003: val_loss did not improve from 12.17003
Epoch 4/5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 402s 60ms/step - loss: 13.2062 - acc: 0.0093 - val_loss: 13.3704 - val_acc: 0.0096

Epoch 00004: val_loss did not improve from 12.17003
Epoch 5/5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 409s 61ms/step - loss: 13.7204 - acc: 0.0093 - val_loss: 14.6751 - val_acc: 0.0084

Epoch 00005: val_loss did not improve from 12.17003
Out[29]:
<keras.callbacks.History at 0x1a2fe80f50>

Load the Model with the Best Validation Loss

In [30]:
model.load_weights('saved_models/weights.best.from_scratch.hdf5')

Test the Model

Try out your model on the test dataset of dog images. Ensure that your test accuracy is greater than 1%.

In [60]:
def test_model(model, test_tensors, test_targets, name):
    # get index of predicted dog breed for each image in test set
    predictions = [np.argmax(model.predict(np.expand_dims(tensor, axis=0))) for tensor in test_tensors]

    # report test accuracy
    test_accuracy = 100*np.sum(np.array(predictions)==np.argmax(test_targets, axis=1))/len(predictions)
    print('Test accuracy {}: {}%'.format(name, round(test_accuracy, 4)))
In [61]:
test_model(model,test_tensors, test_targets, 'model')
Test accuracy model: 1.0%

Step 4: Use a CNN to Classify Dog Breeds

To reduce training time without sacrificing accuracy, we show you how to train a CNN using transfer learning. In the following step, you will get a chance to use transfer learning to train your own CNN.

Obtain Bottleneck Features

In [52]:
bottleneck_features = np.load('bottleneck_features/DogVGG16Data.npz')
train_VGG16 = bottleneck_features['train']
valid_VGG16 = bottleneck_features['valid']
test_VGG16 = bottleneck_features['test']

Model Architecture

The model uses the the pre-trained VGG-16 model as a fixed feature extractor, where the last convolutional output of VGG-16 is fed as input to our model. We only add a global average pooling layer and a fully connected layer, where the latter contains one node for each dog category and is equipped with a softmax.

In [53]:
VGG16_model = Sequential()
VGG16_model.add(GlobalAveragePooling2D(input_shape=train_VGG16.shape[1:]))
VGG16_model.add(Dense(133, activation='softmax'))

VGG16_model.summary()
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
global_average_pooling2d_12  (None, 512)               0         
_________________________________________________________________
dense_12 (Dense)             (None, 133)               68229     
=================================================================
Total params: 68,229
Trainable params: 68,229
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________

Compile the Model

In [54]:
VGG16_model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='rmsprop', metrics=['accuracy'])

Train the Model

In [55]:
checkpointer = ModelCheckpoint(filepath='saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5', 
                               verbose=1, save_best_only=True)

VGG16_model.fit(train_VGG16, train_targets, 
          validation_data=(valid_VGG16, valid_targets),
          epochs=20, batch_size=20, callbacks=[checkpointer], verbose=1)
Train on 6680 samples, validate on 835 samples
Epoch 1/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 5s 685us/step - loss: 11.6515 - acc: 0.1527 - val_loss: 9.9126 - val_acc: 0.2707

Epoch 00001: val_loss improved from inf to 9.91263, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
Epoch 2/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 247us/step - loss: 9.1596 - acc: 0.3317 - val_loss: 9.0044 - val_acc: 0.3473

Epoch 00002: val_loss improved from 9.91263 to 9.00442, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
Epoch 3/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 238us/step - loss: 8.5236 - acc: 0.4061 - val_loss: 8.7120 - val_acc: 0.3772

Epoch 00003: val_loss improved from 9.00442 to 8.71201, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
Epoch 4/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 240us/step - loss: 8.1287 - acc: 0.4425 - val_loss: 8.2619 - val_acc: 0.4060

Epoch 00004: val_loss improved from 8.71201 to 8.26195, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
Epoch 5/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 268us/step - loss: 7.7720 - acc: 0.4747 - val_loss: 8.0765 - val_acc: 0.4228

Epoch 00005: val_loss improved from 8.26195 to 8.07652, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
Epoch 6/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 238us/step - loss: 7.5090 - acc: 0.4978 - val_loss: 8.0564 - val_acc: 0.4120

Epoch 00006: val_loss improved from 8.07652 to 8.05636, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
Epoch 7/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 241us/step - loss: 7.2434 - acc: 0.5193 - val_loss: 7.7756 - val_acc: 0.4491

Epoch 00007: val_loss improved from 8.05636 to 7.77561, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
Epoch 8/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - ETA: 0s - loss: 7.0890 - acc: 0.534 - 2s 243us/step - loss: 7.0838 - acc: 0.5353 - val_loss: 7.5642 - val_acc: 0.4707

Epoch 00008: val_loss improved from 7.77561 to 7.56417, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
Epoch 9/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 253us/step - loss: 6.9823 - acc: 0.5448 - val_loss: 7.4950 - val_acc: 0.4635

Epoch 00009: val_loss improved from 7.56417 to 7.49498, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
Epoch 10/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 247us/step - loss: 6.9353 - acc: 0.5557 - val_loss: 7.5926 - val_acc: 0.4635

Epoch 00010: val_loss did not improve from 7.49498
Epoch 11/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 250us/step - loss: 6.8126 - acc: 0.5611 - val_loss: 7.3266 - val_acc: 0.4635

Epoch 00011: val_loss improved from 7.49498 to 7.32663, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
Epoch 12/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 270us/step - loss: 6.6274 - acc: 0.5713 - val_loss: 7.1722 - val_acc: 0.4743

Epoch 00012: val_loss improved from 7.32663 to 7.17220, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
Epoch 13/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 266us/step - loss: 6.5247 - acc: 0.5807 - val_loss: 7.1731 - val_acc: 0.4707

Epoch 00013: val_loss did not improve from 7.17220
Epoch 14/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 267us/step - loss: 6.4178 - acc: 0.5871 - val_loss: 6.9986 - val_acc: 0.4910

Epoch 00014: val_loss improved from 7.17220 to 6.99859, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
Epoch 15/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 262us/step - loss: 6.3578 - acc: 0.5898 - val_loss: 6.9222 - val_acc: 0.4922

Epoch 00015: val_loss improved from 6.99859 to 6.92223, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
Epoch 16/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 266us/step - loss: 6.3173 - acc: 0.5972 - val_loss: 6.8965 - val_acc: 0.4970

Epoch 00016: val_loss improved from 6.92223 to 6.89648, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
Epoch 17/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 259us/step - loss: 6.2720 - acc: 0.6006 - val_loss: 6.9244 - val_acc: 0.4970

Epoch 00017: val_loss did not improve from 6.89648
Epoch 18/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 262us/step - loss: 6.1856 - acc: 0.6076 - val_loss: 6.8235 - val_acc: 0.5054

Epoch 00018: val_loss improved from 6.89648 to 6.82348, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
Epoch 19/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 267us/step - loss: 6.1555 - acc: 0.6099 - val_loss: 6.7928 - val_acc: 0.4994

Epoch 00019: val_loss improved from 6.82348 to 6.79279, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
Epoch 20/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 271us/step - loss: 6.0987 - acc: 0.6100 - val_loss: 6.9299 - val_acc: 0.4862

Epoch 00020: val_loss did not improve from 6.79279
Out[55]:
<keras.callbacks.History at 0x1a2fb851d0>

Load the Model with the Best Validation Loss

In [56]:
VGG16_model.load_weights('saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5')

Test the Model

Now, we can use the CNN to test how well it identifies breed within our test dataset of dog images. We print the test accuracy below.

In [62]:
test_model(VGG16_model,test_VGG16, test_targets, 'VGG16')
Test accuracy VGG16: 51.0%

Predict Dog Breed with the Model

In [58]:
from extract_bottleneck_features import *

def VGG16_predict_breed(img_path):
    # extract bottleneck features
    bottleneck_feature = extract_VGG16(path_to_tensor(img_path))
    # obtain predicted vector
    predicted_vector = VGG16_model.predict(bottleneck_feature)
    # return dog breed that is predicted by the model
    return dog_names[np.argmax(predicted_vector)]

Step 5: Create a CNN to Classify Dog Breeds (using Transfer Learning)

You will now use transfer learning to create a CNN that can identify dog breed from images. Your CNN must attain at least 60% accuracy on the test set.

In Step 4, we used transfer learning to create a CNN using VGG-16 bottleneck features. In this section, you must use the bottleneck features from a different pre-trained model. To make things easier for you, we have pre-computed the features for all of the networks that are currently available in Keras:

The files are encoded as such:

Dog{network}Data.npz

where {network}, in the above filename, can be one of VGG19, Resnet50, InceptionV3, or Xception. Pick one of the above architectures, download the corresponding bottleneck features, and store the downloaded file in the bottleneck_features/ folder in the repository.

(IMPLEMENTATION) Obtain Bottleneck Features

In the code block below, extract the bottleneck features corresponding to the train, test, and validation sets by running the following:

bottleneck_features = np.load('bottleneck_features/Dog{network}Data.npz')
train_{network} = bottleneck_features['train']
valid_{network} = bottleneck_features['valid']
test_{network} = bottleneck_features['test']
In [64]:
### TODO: Obtain bottleneck features from another pre-trained CNN.
bottleneck_features_VGG19 = np.load('bottleneck_features/DogVGG19Data.npz')
train_VGG19 = bottleneck_features_VGG19['train']
valid_VGG19 = bottleneck_features_VGG19['valid']
test_VGG19 = bottleneck_features_VGG19['test']

bottleneck_features_ResNet50 = np.load('bottleneck_features/DogResNet50Data.npz')
train_ResNet50 = bottleneck_features_ResNet50['train']
valid_ResNet50 = bottleneck_features_ResNet50['valid']
test_ResNet50 = bottleneck_features_ResNet50['test']

bottleneck_features_InceptionV3 = np.load('bottleneck_features/DogInceptionV3Data.npz')
train_InceptionV3 = bottleneck_features_InceptionV3['train']
valid_InceptionV3 = bottleneck_features_InceptionV3['valid']
test_InceptionV3 = bottleneck_features_InceptionV3['test']

bottleneck_features_Xception = np.load('bottleneck_features/DogXceptionData.npz')
train_Xception = bottleneck_features_Xception['train']
valid_Xception = bottleneck_features_Xception['valid']
test_Xception = bottleneck_features_Xception['test']

(IMPLEMENTATION) Model Architecture

Create a CNN to classify dog breed. At the end of your code cell block, summarize the layers of your model by executing the line:

    <your model's name>.summary()

Question 5: Outline the steps you took to get to your final CNN architecture and your reasoning at each step. Describe why you think the architecture is suitable for the current problem.

Answer:

I selected the Xception model to which I added a global average pooling layer and a fully connected layer with a Softmax activation function and 133 nodes for the 133 dog categories. I trained it for 20 epochs although the best weights were found after only 2 epochs. I chose the Xception model because it allowed me to yield the best test accuracy of 84.0%. I think this architecture is suitable for the current problem because it has a more efficient use of model parameters than other models and it is known to be already well trained for image classification on ImageNet.

In [65]:
### TODO: Define your architecture.
VGG19_model = Sequential()
VGG19_model.add(GlobalAveragePooling2D(input_shape=(train_VGG19.shape[1:])))
VGG19_model.add(Dense(133, activation='softmax'))
VGG19_model.summary()
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
global_average_pooling2d_13  (None, 512)               0         
_________________________________________________________________
dense_13 (Dense)             (None, 133)               68229     
=================================================================
Total params: 68,229
Trainable params: 68,229
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________
In [66]:
ResNet50_model = Sequential()
ResNet50_model.add(GlobalAveragePooling2D(input_shape=(train_ResNet50.shape[1:])))
ResNet50_model.add(Dense(133, activation='softmax'))
ResNet50_model.summary()
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
global_average_pooling2d_14  (None, 2048)              0         
_________________________________________________________________
dense_14 (Dense)             (None, 133)               272517    
=================================================================
Total params: 272,517
Trainable params: 272,517
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________
In [67]:
InceptionV3_model = Sequential()
InceptionV3_model.add(GlobalAveragePooling2D(input_shape=(train_InceptionV3.shape[1:])))
InceptionV3_model.add(Dense(133, activation='softmax'))
InceptionV3_model.summary()
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
global_average_pooling2d_15  (None, 2048)              0         
_________________________________________________________________
dense_15 (Dense)             (None, 133)               272517    
=================================================================
Total params: 272,517
Trainable params: 272,517
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________
In [69]:
Xception_model = Sequential()
Xception_model.add(GlobalAveragePooling2D(input_shape=(train_Xception.shape[1:])))
Xception_model.add(Dense(133, activation='softmax'))
Xception_model.summary()
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
global_average_pooling2d_16  (None, 2048)              0         
_________________________________________________________________
dense_16 (Dense)             (None, 133)               272517    
=================================================================
Total params: 272,517
Trainable params: 272,517
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________

(IMPLEMENTATION) Compile the Model

In [70]:
### TODO: Compile the model.
VGG19_model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='rmsprop')

ResNet50_model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='rmsprop')

InceptionV3_model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='rmsprop')

Xception_model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='rmsprop')

(IMPLEMENTATION) Train the Model

Train your model in the code cell below. Use model checkpointing to save the model that attains the best validation loss.

You are welcome to augment the training data, but this is not a requirement.

In [71]:
### TODO: Train the model
checkpointer = ModelCheckpoint(filepath='saved_models/weights.best.VGG19.hdf5', 
                               verbose=1, save_best_only=True)
VGG19_model.fit(train_VGG19, train_targets, 
          validation_data=(valid_VGG19, valid_targets),
          epochs=20, batch_size=20, callbacks=[checkpointer], verbose=1)
Train on 6680 samples, validate on 835 samples
Epoch 1/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 8s 1ms/step - loss: 11.4283 - val_loss: 9.2418

Epoch 00001: val_loss improved from inf to 9.24182, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG19.hdf5
Epoch 2/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 451us/step - loss: 8.4038 - val_loss: 8.1676

Epoch 00002: val_loss improved from 9.24182 to 8.16756, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG19.hdf5
Epoch 3/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 407us/step - loss: 7.6113 - val_loss: 7.9065

Epoch 00003: val_loss improved from 8.16756 to 7.90645, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG19.hdf5
Epoch 4/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 373us/step - loss: 7.2396 - val_loss: 7.7087

Epoch 00004: val_loss improved from 7.90645 to 7.70873, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG19.hdf5
Epoch 5/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 344us/step - loss: 6.9067 - val_loss: 7.3739

Epoch 00005: val_loss improved from 7.70873 to 7.37395, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG19.hdf5
Epoch 6/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 363us/step - loss: 6.6249 - val_loss: 7.2002

Epoch 00006: val_loss improved from 7.37395 to 7.20020, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG19.hdf5
Epoch 7/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 318us/step - loss: 6.4562 - val_loss: 7.0725

Epoch 00007: val_loss improved from 7.20020 to 7.07253, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG19.hdf5
Epoch 8/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 313us/step - loss: 6.3583 - val_loss: 7.0718

Epoch 00008: val_loss improved from 7.07253 to 7.07180, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG19.hdf5
Epoch 9/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 421us/step - loss: 6.1988 - val_loss: 6.8712

Epoch 00009: val_loss improved from 7.07180 to 6.87123, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG19.hdf5
Epoch 10/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 494us/step - loss: 6.0394 - val_loss: 6.8001

Epoch 00010: val_loss improved from 6.87123 to 6.80007, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG19.hdf5
Epoch 11/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 479us/step - loss: 5.8095 - val_loss: 6.5661

Epoch 00011: val_loss improved from 6.80007 to 6.56613, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG19.hdf5
Epoch 12/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 419us/step - loss: 5.6079 - val_loss: 6.4284

Epoch 00012: val_loss improved from 6.56613 to 6.42844, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG19.hdf5
Epoch 13/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 4s 529us/step - loss: 5.4818 - val_loss: 6.3425

Epoch 00013: val_loss improved from 6.42844 to 6.34254, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG19.hdf5
Epoch 14/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 4s 621us/step - loss: 5.3772 - val_loss: 6.2290

Epoch 00014: val_loss improved from 6.34254 to 6.22904, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG19.hdf5
Epoch 15/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 464us/step - loss: 5.2112 - val_loss: 6.2945

Epoch 00015: val_loss did not improve from 6.22904
Epoch 16/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 322us/step - loss: 5.1510 - val_loss: 6.1873

Epoch 00016: val_loss improved from 6.22904 to 6.18725, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG19.hdf5
Epoch 17/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 490us/step - loss: 5.1185 - val_loss: 6.1264

Epoch 00017: val_loss improved from 6.18725 to 6.12641, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG19.hdf5
Epoch 18/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 283us/step - loss: 5.0626 - val_loss: 6.1460

Epoch 00018: val_loss did not improve from 6.12641
Epoch 19/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 273us/step - loss: 5.0353 - val_loss: 6.0969

Epoch 00019: val_loss improved from 6.12641 to 6.09685, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG19.hdf5
Epoch 20/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 258us/step - loss: 5.0117 - val_loss: 6.0457

Epoch 00020: val_loss improved from 6.09685 to 6.04575, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG19.hdf5
Out[71]:
<keras.callbacks.History at 0x1a31733750>
In [73]:
checkpointer = ModelCheckpoint(filepath='saved_models/weights.best.ResNet50.hdf5', 
                               verbose=1, save_best_only=True)
ResNet50_model.fit(train_ResNet50, train_targets, 
          validation_data=(valid_ResNet50, valid_targets),
          epochs=20, batch_size=20, callbacks=[checkpointer], verbose=1)
Train on 6680 samples, validate on 835 samples
Epoch 1/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 4s 637us/step - loss: 1.6105 - val_loss: 0.8320

Epoch 00001: val_loss improved from inf to 0.83205, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.ResNet50.hdf5
Epoch 2/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 334us/step - loss: 0.4435 - val_loss: 0.6918

Epoch 00002: val_loss improved from 0.83205 to 0.69178, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.ResNet50.hdf5
Epoch 3/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 333us/step - loss: 0.2666 - val_loss: 0.7129

Epoch 00003: val_loss did not improve from 0.69178
Epoch 4/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 331us/step - loss: 0.1762 - val_loss: 0.6782

Epoch 00004: val_loss improved from 0.69178 to 0.67816, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.ResNet50.hdf5
Epoch 5/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 317us/step - loss: 0.1256 - val_loss: 0.6356

Epoch 00005: val_loss improved from 0.67816 to 0.63559, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.ResNet50.hdf5
Epoch 6/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 311us/step - loss: 0.0885 - val_loss: 0.6414

Epoch 00006: val_loss did not improve from 0.63559
Epoch 7/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 309us/step - loss: 0.0670 - val_loss: 0.7211

Epoch 00007: val_loss did not improve from 0.63559
Epoch 8/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 308us/step - loss: 0.0521 - val_loss: 0.7274

Epoch 00008: val_loss did not improve from 0.63559
Epoch 9/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 308us/step - loss: 0.0357 - val_loss: 0.7829

Epoch 00009: val_loss did not improve from 0.63559
Epoch 10/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 308us/step - loss: 0.0275 - val_loss: 0.7589

Epoch 00010: val_loss did not improve from 0.63559
Epoch 11/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 308us/step - loss: 0.0228 - val_loss: 0.7430

Epoch 00011: val_loss did not improve from 0.63559
Epoch 12/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 310us/step - loss: 0.0200 - val_loss: 0.8243

Epoch 00012: val_loss did not improve from 0.63559
Epoch 13/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 304us/step - loss: 0.0148 - val_loss: 0.8236

Epoch 00013: val_loss did not improve from 0.63559
Epoch 14/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 319us/step - loss: 0.0126 - val_loss: 0.8782

Epoch 00014: val_loss did not improve from 0.63559
Epoch 15/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 307us/step - loss: 0.0102 - val_loss: 0.9034

Epoch 00015: val_loss did not improve from 0.63559
Epoch 16/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 312us/step - loss: 0.0092 - val_loss: 0.8868

Epoch 00016: val_loss did not improve from 0.63559
Epoch 17/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 310us/step - loss: 0.0074 - val_loss: 0.8775

Epoch 00017: val_loss did not improve from 0.63559
Epoch 18/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 313us/step - loss: 0.0085 - val_loss: 0.8916

Epoch 00018: val_loss did not improve from 0.63559
Epoch 19/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 316us/step - loss: 0.0068 - val_loss: 0.9437

Epoch 00019: val_loss did not improve from 0.63559
Epoch 20/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 318us/step - loss: 0.0066 - val_loss: 0.9341

Epoch 00020: val_loss did not improve from 0.63559
Out[73]:
<keras.callbacks.History at 0x1a30582a50>
In [74]:
checkpointer = ModelCheckpoint(filepath='saved_models/weights.best.InceptionV3.hdf5', 
                               verbose=1, save_best_only=True)
InceptionV3_model.fit(train_InceptionV3, train_targets, 
          validation_data=(valid_InceptionV3, valid_targets),
          epochs=20, batch_size=20, callbacks=[checkpointer], verbose=1)
Train on 6680 samples, validate on 835 samples
Epoch 1/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 20s 3ms/step - loss: 1.1675 - val_loss: 0.6042

Epoch 00001: val_loss improved from inf to 0.60425, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.InceptionV3.hdf5
Epoch 2/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 7s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4756 - val_loss: 0.6679

Epoch 00002: val_loss did not improve from 0.60425
Epoch 3/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 517us/step - loss: 0.3717 - val_loss: 0.6596

Epoch 00003: val_loss did not improve from 0.60425
Epoch 4/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 504us/step - loss: 0.2997 - val_loss: 0.6202

Epoch 00004: val_loss did not improve from 0.60425
Epoch 5/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 507us/step - loss: 0.2389 - val_loss: 0.7160

Epoch 00005: val_loss did not improve from 0.60425
Epoch 6/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 496us/step - loss: 0.2033 - val_loss: 0.7446

Epoch 00006: val_loss did not improve from 0.60425
Epoch 7/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 500us/step - loss: 0.1766 - val_loss: 0.7328

Epoch 00007: val_loss did not improve from 0.60425
Epoch 8/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 4s 541us/step - loss: 0.1448 - val_loss: 0.7535

Epoch 00008: val_loss did not improve from 0.60425
Epoch 9/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 4s 537us/step - loss: 0.1281 - val_loss: 0.7832

Epoch 00009: val_loss did not improve from 0.60425
Epoch 10/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 491us/step - loss: 0.1115 - val_loss: 0.7512

Epoch 00010: val_loss did not improve from 0.60425
Epoch 11/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 500us/step - loss: 0.0980 - val_loss: 0.8417

Epoch 00011: val_loss did not improve from 0.60425
Epoch 12/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 491us/step - loss: 0.0799 - val_loss: 0.8274

Epoch 00012: val_loss did not improve from 0.60425
Epoch 13/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 502us/step - loss: 0.0712 - val_loss: 0.9048

Epoch 00013: val_loss did not improve from 0.60425
Epoch 14/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 493us/step - loss: 0.0633 - val_loss: 0.8588

Epoch 00014: val_loss did not improve from 0.60425
Epoch 15/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 502us/step - loss: 0.0533 - val_loss: 0.8826

Epoch 00015: val_loss did not improve from 0.60425
Epoch 16/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 502us/step - loss: 0.0475 - val_loss: 0.9002

Epoch 00016: val_loss did not improve from 0.60425
Epoch 17/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 507us/step - loss: 0.0460 - val_loss: 0.9416

Epoch 00017: val_loss did not improve from 0.60425
Epoch 18/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 492us/step - loss: 0.0383 - val_loss: 0.8843

Epoch 00018: val_loss did not improve from 0.60425
Epoch 19/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 4s 555us/step - loss: 0.0351 - val_loss: 0.9319

Epoch 00019: val_loss did not improve from 0.60425
Epoch 20/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 497us/step - loss: 0.0280 - val_loss: 0.9308

Epoch 00020: val_loss did not improve from 0.60425
Out[74]:
<keras.callbacks.History at 0x1a30622950>
In [75]:
checkpointer = ModelCheckpoint(filepath='saved_models/weights.best.Xception.hdf5', 
                               verbose=1, save_best_only=True)
Xception_model.fit(train_Xception, train_targets, 
          validation_data=(valid_Xception, valid_targets),
          epochs=20, batch_size=20, callbacks=[checkpointer], verbose=1)
Train on 6680 samples, validate on 835 samples
Epoch 1/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 29s 4ms/step - loss: 1.0546 - val_loss: 0.5257

Epoch 00001: val_loss improved from inf to 0.52571, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.Xception.hdf5
Epoch 2/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 14s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4005 - val_loss: 0.4776

Epoch 00002: val_loss improved from 0.52571 to 0.47758, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.Xception.hdf5
Epoch 3/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 12s 2ms/step - loss: 0.3192 - val_loss: 0.4914

Epoch 00003: val_loss did not improve from 0.47758
Epoch 4/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 11s 2ms/step - loss: 0.2751 - val_loss: 0.4941

Epoch 00004: val_loss did not improve from 0.47758
Epoch 5/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 12s 2ms/step - loss: 0.2432 - val_loss: 0.4857

Epoch 00005: val_loss did not improve from 0.47758
Epoch 6/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 14s 2ms/step - loss: 0.2182 - val_loss: 0.5246

Epoch 00006: val_loss did not improve from 0.47758
Epoch 7/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 11s 2ms/step - loss: 0.1939 - val_loss: 0.5490

Epoch 00007: val_loss did not improve from 0.47758
Epoch 8/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 12s 2ms/step - loss: 0.1763 - val_loss: 0.5419

Epoch 00008: val_loss did not improve from 0.47758
Epoch 9/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 13s 2ms/step - loss: 0.1631 - val_loss: 0.5366

Epoch 00009: val_loss did not improve from 0.47758
Epoch 10/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 13s 2ms/step - loss: 0.1442 - val_loss: 0.5751

Epoch 00010: val_loss did not improve from 0.47758
Epoch 11/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 11s 2ms/step - loss: 0.1375 - val_loss: 0.5857

Epoch 00011: val_loss did not improve from 0.47758
Epoch 12/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 13s 2ms/step - loss: 0.1224 - val_loss: 0.5945

Epoch 00012: val_loss did not improve from 0.47758
Epoch 13/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 13s 2ms/step - loss: 0.1156 - val_loss: 0.6219

Epoch 00013: val_loss did not improve from 0.47758
Epoch 14/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 12s 2ms/step - loss: 0.1067 - val_loss: 0.6453

Epoch 00014: val_loss did not improve from 0.47758
Epoch 15/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 12s 2ms/step - loss: 0.0975 - val_loss: 0.6329

Epoch 00015: val_loss did not improve from 0.47758
Epoch 16/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 13s 2ms/step - loss: 0.0907 - val_loss: 0.6717

Epoch 00016: val_loss did not improve from 0.47758
Epoch 17/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 11s 2ms/step - loss: 0.0841 - val_loss: 0.6594

Epoch 00017: val_loss did not improve from 0.47758
Epoch 18/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 12s 2ms/step - loss: 0.0802 - val_loss: 0.6631

Epoch 00018: val_loss did not improve from 0.47758
Epoch 19/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 12s 2ms/step - loss: 0.0760 - val_loss: 0.6766

Epoch 00019: val_loss did not improve from 0.47758
Epoch 20/20
6680/6680 [==============================] - 13s 2ms/step - loss: 0.0701 - val_loss: 0.6944

Epoch 00020: val_loss did not improve from 0.47758
Out[75]:
<keras.callbacks.History at 0x1a3172ced0>

(IMPLEMENTATION) Load the Model with the Best Validation Loss

In [76]:
### TODO: Load the model weights with the best validation loss.
VGG19_model.load_weights('saved_models/weights.best.VGG19.hdf5')

ResNet50_model.load_weights('saved_models/weights.best.ResNet50.hdf5')

InceptionV3_model.load_weights('saved_models/weights.best.InceptionV3.hdf5')

Xception_model.load_weights('saved_models/weights.best.Xception.hdf5')

(IMPLEMENTATION) Test the Model

Try out your model on the test dataset of dog images. Ensure that your test accuracy is greater than 60%.

In [77]:
### TODO: Calculate classification accuracy on the test dataset.
test_model(VGG19_model,test_VGG19, test_targets, 'VGG19')
Test accuracy VGG19: 54.0%
In [78]:
test_model(ResNet50_model,test_ResNet50, test_targets, 'ResNet50')
Test accuracy ResNet50: 81.0%
In [79]:
test_model(InceptionV3_model,test_InceptionV3, test_targets, 'InceptionV3')
Test accuracy InceptionV3: 78.0%
In [80]:
test_model(Xception_model,test_Xception, test_targets, 'Xception')
Test accuracy Xception: 84.0%

(IMPLEMENTATION) Predict Dog Breed with the Model

Write a function that takes an image path as input and returns the dog breed (Affenpinscher, Afghan_hound, etc) that is predicted by your model.

Similar to the analogous function in Step 5, your function should have three steps:

  1. Extract the bottleneck features corresponding to the chosen CNN model.
  2. Supply the bottleneck features as input to the model to return the predicted vector. Note that the argmax of this prediction vector gives the index of the predicted dog breed.
  3. Use the dog_names array defined in Step 0 of this notebook to return the corresponding breed.

The functions to extract the bottleneck features can be found in extract_bottleneck_features.py, and they have been imported in an earlier code cell. To obtain the bottleneck features corresponding to your chosen CNN architecture, you need to use the function

extract_{network}

where {network}, in the above filename, should be one of VGG19, Resnet50, InceptionV3, or Xception.

In [81]:
### TODO: Write a function that takes a path to an image as input
### and returns the dog breed that is predicted by the model.
def Xception_prediction_breed(img_path):
    # extract bottleneck features
    bottleneck_feature = extract_Xception(path_to_tensor(img_path))
    # obtain predicted vector
    predicted_vector = Xception_model.predict(bottleneck_feature)
    # return dog breed that is predicted by the model
    return dog_names[np.argmax(predicted_vector)]

Step 6: Write your Algorithm

Write an algorithm that accepts a file path to an image and first determines whether the image contains a human, dog, or neither. Then,

  • if a dog is detected in the image, return the predicted breed.
  • if a human is detected in the image, return the resembling dog breed.
  • if neither is detected in the image, provide output that indicates an error.

You are welcome to write your own functions for detecting humans and dogs in images, but feel free to use the face_detector and dog_detector functions developed above. You are required to use your CNN from Step 5 to predict dog breed.

Some sample output for our algorithm is provided below, but feel free to design your own user experience!

Sample Human Output

(IMPLEMENTATION) Write your Algorithm

In [154]:
### TODO: Write your algorithm.
### Feel free to use as many code cells as needed.
from IPython.core.display import Image, display

def dog_identification_app(img_path, name):
    print ("Hello {}!".format(name))
    display(Image(img_path,width=200,height=200))
    breed = Xception_prediction_breed(img_path)
    if dog_detector(img_path):
        print("I believe you are a dog and you look like a {}\n".format(breed))
    elif face_detector(img_path):
        print("I believe you are human but you look like a {}\n".format(breed))
    else:
        print("I can't tell if there's a human or a dog in this picture, can you show me another one ?\n")

Step 7: Test Your Algorithm

In this section, you will take your new algorithm for a spin! What kind of dog does the algorithm think that you look like? If you have a dog, does it predict your dog's breed accurately? If you have a cat, does it mistakenly think that your cat is a dog?

(IMPLEMENTATION) Test Your Algorithm on Sample Images!

Test your algorithm at least six images on your computer. Feel free to use any images you like. Use at least two human and two dog images.

Question 6: Is the output better than you expected :) ? Or worse :( ? Provide at least three possible points of improvement for your algorithm.

Answer:

The outputs are amazing! I test 3 different kinds of dog pictures gotten from google, includes Husky, Papillon and Pomeranian; and another 3 pictures, which are my sister, me and my boyfriend. The algorithm performs very well that not only it can tell correctly from dogs and humans, but the results are very impressive. it predicts correctly on Papillon and Pomeranian; while for Husky, at first, I think the algorithm is wrong, but after I google the images of Alaskan malamute, which looks very like Husky and this dog lives in the snow area. Based on the picture I gave, this dog has the background of snow, I think maybe the one who did wrong is me. I try to search Husky, but it may turn out I download the picture of an Alaskan malamute and I still believe it is Husky before the algorithm tells me the truth!

Then, in order to try more on this algorithm, I provide images like cats, kangaroo, old people, rabbit, etc. Overall the output is much better than I expected. One way to improve the algorithm could be 1) to train it on an augmented dataset(probably the most effective way to combat overfitting on small training sets). 2) Also it would be nice to have a more different kinds of models for other animals. Finally, it would be nice to have a wider variety of dog breeds. On the application side it would be nice to return a picture of a corresponding dog that looks like the human on the input picture.

for Question: What kind of dog does the algorithm think that you look like? If you have a dog, does it predict your dog's breed accurately? If you have a cat, does it mistakenly think that your cat is a dog?

The algorithm think my sister and I look like a Dachshund and my boyfriend looks like a Chinese_crested. The algorithm predicts dog's breed accurately. I tried 2 pictures of cats and it still can tell them from dogs and humans, amazing!!

In [156]:
## TODO: Execute your algorithm from Step 6 on
## at least 6 images on your computer.
## Feel free to use as many code cells as needed.


#dog_identification_app(img_path,'test')

dog_identification_app('/Users/mac/Udacity/machine-learning-master/dog-project-master/images/proj_Husky.jpg', 'Husky')
dog_identification_app('/Users/mac/Udacity/machine-learning-master/dog-project-master/images/proj_Liddy.jpg', 'Liddy')
dog_identification_app('/Users/mac/Udacity/machine-learning-master/dog-project-master/images/proj_Papillon.jpg', 'Papillon')
dog_identification_app('/Users/mac/Udacity/machine-learning-master/dog-project-master/images/proj_Pinky.jpg', 'Pinky')
dog_identification_app('/Users/mac/Udacity/machine-learning-master/dog-project-master/images/proj_Pomeranian.jpg', 'Pomeranian')
dog_identification_app('/Users/mac/Udacity/machine-learning-master/dog-project-master/images/proj_Baw.jpg', 'Baw')
Hello Husky!
I believe you are a dog and you look like a Alaskan_malamute

Hello Liddy!
I believe you are human but you look like a Dachshund

Hello Papillon!
I believe you are a dog and you look like a Papillon

Hello Pinky!
I believe you are human but you look like a Dachshund

Hello Pomeranian!
I believe you are a dog and you look like a Pomeranian

Hello Baw!
I believe you are human but you look like a Chinese_crested

In [158]:
dog_identification_app('/Users/mac/Udacity/machine-learning-master/dog-project-master/images/proj_kangaroo.jpg', 'kangaroo')
Hello kangaroo!
I can't tell if there's a human or a dog in this picture, can you show me another one ?

In [159]:
dog_identification_app('/Users/mac/Udacity/machine-learning-master/dog-project-master/images/proj_cat.jpg', 'cat')
Hello cat!
I can't tell if there's a human or a dog in this picture, can you show me another one ?

In [161]:
dog_identification_app('/Users/mac/Udacity/machine-learning-master/dog-project-master/images/proj_oldpeople.png', 'oldpeople')
Hello oldpeople!
I believe you are human but you look like a Dachshund

In [163]:
dog_identification_app('/Users/mac/Udacity/machine-learning-master/dog-project-master/images/proj_Rabbit.jpg', 'Rabbit')
Hello Rabbit!
I can't tell if there's a human or a dog in this picture, can you show me another one ?

In [164]:
dog_identification_app('/Users/mac/Udacity/machine-learning-master/dog-project-master/images/proj_cat2.jpg', 'cat2')
Hello cat2!
I can't tell if there's a human or a dog in this picture, can you show me another one ?